Pengertian Reported Speech
Reported
speech atau indirect
speech adalah suatu cara mengungkapkan apa yang orang lain (speaker)
telah katakan secara langsung (direct/quoted speech) berupa pernyataan,
pertanyaan, atau ucapan lainnya dengan mengubah format pembicaraan tersebut
sehingga menjadi lebih jelas, alami, dan efisien bagi pendengarnya.
Logikanya, seorang penyampai berita tidak melaporkan
persis setiap kata yang diucapkan oleh seseorang.
Direct speech yang diubah menjadi reported
speech tersebut dapat berupa statement (pernyataan), imperative [command (perintah), invitation
(undangan), request (permintaan)], yes/no question (pertanyaan), maupun information question (pertanyaan akan
informasi).
Normally,
the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct
speech:
She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired.
She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired.
Equivalent in Reported Speech
|
|
Simple
present
|
Simple
past
|
"I
always drink coffee", she said
|
She said
that she always drank coffee.
|
Present
continuous
|
Past
continuous
|
"I am
reading a book", he explained.
|
He
explained that he was reading a book
|
Simple
past
|
Past
perfect
|
"Bill
arrived on Saturday", he said.
|
He said
that Bill had arrived on Saturday.
|
Present
perfect
|
Past
perfect
|
"I have
been to Spain", he told me.
|
He told me
that he had been to Spain.
|
Past
perfect
|
Past
perfect
|
"I had
just turned out the light," he explained.
|
He
explained that he had just turned out the light.
|
Present
perfect continuous
|
Past
perfect continuous
|
They
complained, "We have been waiting for hours".
|
They
complained that they had been waiting for hours.
|
Past
continuous
|
Past
perfect continuous
|
"We were
living in Paris", they told me.
|
They told
me that they had been living in Paris.
|
Future
|
Present
conditional ( PAST MODAL AUX)
|
"I will
be in Geneva on Monday", he said.
|
He said
that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
|
Future
continuous
|
Conditional
continuous
|
She said,
"I'll be using the car next Friday".
|
She said
that she would be using the car next Friday.
|
You do not
need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the
original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.
- He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
- We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
These modal
verbs do not change in reported speech: might, could, would, should, ought
to:
- We explained, "It could be difficult to find our house." = We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
- She said, "I might bring a friend to the party." = She said that she might bring a friend to the party.
Contoh:
Reporting
|
Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech
|
Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
|
Statement
|
“I’m not
hungry now.”
(Saya tidak lapar sekarang.) |
He said
that he was not hungry at that time.
|
Imperative
|
“Do not
touch my computer!”
(Jangan sentuh komputerku!) |
She told
me not to touch her computer.
|
Yes-no question
|
“Did you
eat my cake?”
(Apakah kamu makan kueku?) |
She wanted
to know if I’d eaten her cake.
|
Information
question |
“Who is
the winner?”
(Siapa pemenangnya?) |
He asked
me who the winner was.
|
Cara
Mengubah Direct Menjadi Reported Speech
Pada dasarnya, direct speech diubah menjadi reported
speech dengan menghilangkan tanda baca kutip, menghilangkan huruf kapital
didalam kalimat, menambahkan that (optional), mengubah pronoun (menjadi orang ketiga), memodifikasi verb,
mengoreksi time reference (waktu yang disebutkan dalam
pembicaraan) dan/atau menambahkan whether atau if . Berikut
adalah beberapa penjelasannya .
Time
References
Perbandingan time references pada direct dan reported
speech adalah sebagai berikut.
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
here
|
There
|
last
month/year
|
the
month/year before, the preceding month/year, the previous month/year
|
next
month/year
|
a
month/year later, the following month/year, the next month/year
|
now
|
at that
time, then
|
today
|
that day
|
tomorrow
|
a day
later, the following/next day
|
yesterday
|
the day
before, the previous day
|
two
days/weeks ago
|
two
days/weeks before, two days/weeks earlier
|
Contoh perubahan time
reference:
Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech
|
Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
|
“Will I
receive the packet tomorrow?”
(Akankah saya menerima paket tsb besok?) |
He asked
if he would receive the packet the following day.
|
“I have to
return the book two days ago.”
(Saya harus mengembalikan buku tsb dua hari lalu.) |
She said
that she had to return the book two days earlier.
|
Menambahkan
whether atau if
Whether atau if ditambahkan untuk
menyampaikan kalimat yes-no question yang telah didengar sebelumnya. Yes-no
question merupakan bentuk pertanyaan yang -0 embutuhkan
jawaban yes atau no.
Contoh:
Contoh Direct Speech
|
Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
|
Keterangan
|
“Do you
have a little time?”
(Apa kamu punya sedikit waktu?) |
He asked
me if I had a little time.
|
Jawaban
dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes, I do atau No, I
don’t
|
“Have you
heard the news?”
(Sudahkah kamu mendengar berita tsb?) |
She wanted
to know whether I had heard the news.
|
Jawaban
dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes, I have atau No,
I haven’t
|
Modifikasi Verb pada Reported
Speech
Modifikasi pada verb dari direct menjadi reported speech dapat berupa mengubah verb menjadi infinitive.
Perubahan ini diaplikasikan pada reporting imperative (command).
Selain itu, umumnya verb tense (present atau future,
termasuk modal) diubah menjadi bentuk past.
Misalnya, direct speech: present tense, maka reported
speech-nya: past tense. Berikut detailnya.
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
will
|
would
|
||
must, have
to
|
had to
|
||
may
(permission)
|
could,
might
|
||
future (am/is/are going to)
|
was/were
going to
|
shall
|
should
(ask for advice), would (simple future)
|
past tense
|
past
perfect
|
may
(possibility)
|
might
|
past
continuous
|
can
|
could
|
Contoh perubahan verb (dan modal):
Contoh Direct Speech
|
Contoh Reported Speech
|
“I have
cleaned your room.”
(Saya telah membersihkan ruanganmu.) |
He told
that he had cleaned my room.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah membersihkan ruanganku.)
Keterangan:
|
“May
I go to the bathroom?”
(Bolehkah saya pergi ke kamar mandi?) |
She asked
if she could go to the bathroom.
(Dia bertanya apakah dia dapat pergi ke kamar mandi.)
Keterangan:
|
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